道路灰尘中有机磷阻燃剂污染特征及人体暴露

利用气质联用仪(GC-MS)定量分析了苏州市25个道路灰尘样品中4种有机磷阻燃剂(organophosphate flame retardants,OPFRs)的含量水平和分布特征,并估算了成人、儿童和环卫工人灰尘摄入和呼吸暴露两种不同途径的日暴露量.结果表明,在灰尘样品中4种OPFRs均有不同程度检出,总OPFRs的含量范围为ND~8 901.66 ng·g~(-1),中位值为1 039.21 ng·g~(-1).三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯[Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate,TCPP]、磷酸三(丁氧基乙基)酯[Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate,TBEP]、磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯[Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate,TDCPP]和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP]含量范围分别为0~6 931.46、0~2 021.15、0~788.44和0~62.16 ng·g~(-1).在高暴露情景下,成人、儿童和环卫工人通过摄入灰尘暴露ΣOPFRs的日均暴露量分别是125.68、915.78和6 314.16 pg·kg~(-1),儿童的暴露量比普通成人高6倍;而成人、儿童和环卫工人通过呼吸途径暴露ΣOPFRs的日均暴露量分别为3.07E-02、1.89E-02和1.54E-01 pg·kg~(-1).因此灰尘中OPFRs对于儿童和环卫工人的潜在危害更大.     

流动危险源毒气泄漏事故伤害模型研究

笔者介绍了危险货物道路运输的现状和特点，阐述了进行流动危险源事故后果分析的必要性，提出了流动危险源运动时毒气泄漏事故伤害模型，并利用该模型进行了数值模拟，证明该模型分析流动危险源运动时毒气泄漏事故的后果是可行的。     

高速公路建设与区域城镇分布的相互影响初探--以山东省为例

本文在介绍山东省高速公路发展概况的基础上，对其发展速度、规模及布局做了初步评价，同时以现有的交通网络格局为基础，结合各城市2001年的GDP数量和所处的地理环境的差异，划分出城镇密集区与稀疏区，分析评价了高速公路路网结构与城镇分布的相互关系。并分析了高速公路的空间布局与山东省城镇分布和扩展方向的相互影响。     

公路隧道空气污染治理的研究进展

本文介绍了公路长隧道空气污染状况、治理现状及其研究进展,文中指出脉冲电晕放电法治理隧道空气污染是有效的和可行的。     

含铬废渣炻质砖固体块长期稳定性试验和加速试验

在制砖基料中加入２０％铬渣,制成所要求几何形试块,按给定的烧成温度烧成试块,测量烧成块几何尺寸和烧成前后试块所含水溶样Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）值,将烧成试块置于不同条件的浸出液中进行长期浸取,根据Ｉａ的浸出数据,浸出率ＬＲ＝０．８×１０＾－７ｃｍ／ｄ,累积浸出分数ＬＦ＝１×１０＾－４ｃｍ,判断炻质砖试块中Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的稳定程度,从而判定此处理铬渣方法的可行性。     

天津市春季道路降尘PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究天津市春季道路降尘PM_2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险,于2015年3月22日-5月23日用降尘缸采集天津市主干道、次干道、支路、快速路道路两侧道路降尘样品,利用再悬浮系统将道路降尘中PM_2.5悬浮至滤膜上,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定了PM_2.5中7种重金属（Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Mn、Cu和Zn）的质量分数.结果表明:道路降尘PM_2.5中Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Mn、Cu和Zn质量分数平均值分别为37.05、82.50、1.73、25.65、380.18、201.08和736.43 mg/kg;I_geo（地累积指数）显示,Cd属于强污染,Zn和Cu属于中到强污染,Pb属于中度污染,As属于轻度污染,Ni和Mn属于无污染;健康风险评价显示,手-口摄入是道路降尘PM_2.5中重金属进入人体的主要途径,儿童的暴露剂量和非致癌风险均高于成人,总非致癌风险次序为As > Pb > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cd > Ni,其中儿童手-口途径As的暴露风险商（HQ_ing）及非致癌总风险（HI）均为1.23,大于限值（1）,对儿童存在非致癌风险;其他重金属非致癌总风险均低于限值,对人体无非致癌风险;道路降尘PM_2.5中Ni、As和Cd通过呼吸途径对人体均无致癌风险.      

未按规定导向车道行驶行为干预方法研究

为保障信号交叉口的正常交通秩序,充分遏制机动车未按规定导向车道行驶行为,亟需探究该行为的影响因素及干预方法。以北京市内4个信号交叉口处共35 h的1 666条监控视频数据为基础,对未按规定导向车道行驶行为进行定义并将其分为9类,分别对频率较高的5类未按规定导向车道行驶行为构建二元Logit模型,以确定其关键影响因素,并据此提出干预方法。结果表明,排队车辆数、大车比例、时段、车流量、照明条件等因素会不同程度地影响5类未按规定导向车道行驶行为的发生概率,其中排队车辆数及时间因素影响最为显著。在此基础上,从交通工程设施及驾驶人安全意识角度,提出优化交叉口渠化设计及信号配时、采用智能标线、强化监管力度及完善交通管控设施、加强驾驶人安全教育4种未按规定导向车道行驶行为干预方法。     

Assessment of patients' medical fitness to drive by primary care physicians: A cross-sectional study

Objectives: Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a significant health burden in Saudi Arabia. The literature has consistently indicated that chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, obstructive sleep apnea, and neurodevelopmental disorders, increase the risk of MVCs. Therefore, assessment of driver fitness by primary care physicians (PCPs) remains a major health intervention that might reduce MVCs. We studied the practices of PCPs in assessing medical fitness to drive in at-risk patients.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of all 88 government-funded primary care centers in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. We administered a self-reported questionnaire to PCPs that inquired about their driving risk assessment for specific medical conditions.

Results: Among all PCPs and centers, 189 PCPs (63%) from 74 centers (84%) participated in our survey. The mean age of the PCPs was 40 ± 10 years, and 108 (57%) were men. The average clinical experience of the group was 13 ± 9 years. Fewer than half of PCPs considered diabetes mellitus (45%) and obstructive sleep apnea (46%) as potential risks for MVCs. Approximately 45% of PCPs did not notify any authority or relatives of potential driving issues that they noticed in their patients. Only 15% of the participants believed that PCPs were responsible for alerting authorities about their fitness to drive.

Conclusions: PCPs did not adequately assess their patients' driving history and eligibility. Efforts are needed to improve awareness among PCPs regarding the effects of chronic medical conditions on driving.     

Direct and indirect costs of nonfatal road traffic injuries in Iran: A population-based study

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the incidence rate as well as direct and indirect costs of nonfatal road traffic injuries (RTIs) in Iran in 2011.

Methods: Data from the 2011 national household survey were used. In this survey, data on demographics, history, and costs of injury were obtained in 2 steps: first, direct face-to-face interview and second, telephone calls. We estimated the incidence rate of nonfatal RTIs in this year. The direct costs included medical care as well as nonmedical costs paid by the patient or insurance services. The indirect costs were estimated by considering the cost of absence from work or education. We also used logistic regression analyses to investigate risk factors of nonfatal RTIs.

Results: We found 76 nonfatal RTI cases (0.96%) out of 7,886 whole reference study cases. These 76 injured patients had a history of RTI in the preceding 3 months. The annual incidence of RTIs was estimated at 3.84%. The mean age of RTI cases was 28.5 ± 10.6 and 88.16% of them were male. Male gender was a major risk factor (odds ratio [OR] = 9.64, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.79–19.41) and marriage was a protective factor (OR = 0.44, 95% CI, 0.28–0.70) for RTI. The medians of direct, indirect, and total costs were US$214, US$163, and US$387, respectively. The total cost of nonfatal RTIs in Iran was estimated at 1.29% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011.

Conclusions: In Iran, nonfatal RTIs imposed a total cost of almost US$7 billion to the country for one year. Extension and more serious implementation of preventive measurements seem necessary to decrease this notable burden of RTIs.     

Serious road injuries in The Netherlands dissected

Objective: This article discusses the characteristics and injury patterns of serious road injuries (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale [MAIS] 2+ inpatients) in The Netherlands.

Methods: In The Netherlands, the actual number of serious injuries is estimated by linking police data to hospital data. The distribution of serious road injuries over (1) travel mode and gender and (2) crash type and age are compared for the years 2000 and 2011. Moreover, the distribution of the injuries over the body regions is illustrated using colored injury body profiles.

Results: The number of serious injuries is higher for men than for women and increased from 16,500 in 2000 to 19,700 in 2011. In 2011, about half (51%) of the serious road injuries were due to a bicycle crash not involving a motor vehicle. The share of casualties aged 60 years and older is relatively high (43% in 2011) in these crashes. The injury body profiles show that head injuries (31%) and injuries to the lower extremities (37%) are most prevalent. Compared to other travel modes, pedestrians and riders of powered 2-wheelers relatively often sustain lower-leg injuries compared to other travel modes. Head injuries are most prevalent in cyclists who are injured in a crash with a motorized vehicle. Cyclists who are injured in a crash not involving a motor vehicle and casualties of 60 years and older relatively often include hip or upper-leg injuries.

Conclusion: The characteristics of serious road injuries differ from those of fatalities and the distribution of injuries over the body differs by travel mode, gender, and age.